The earliest efforts were made in the areas of canning, Alexandria, munez and spaurous. We are in an era of economic, political, technological, social change and development. In this era, change and development bring both opportunities and risks to people, especially in the competition for market, resources and spheres of influence. If managers in seize opportunities and take advantage of opportunities at the same time, and to minimize risk, that is on the way forward towards the goals set up a bridge of convenient and secure, so organizations can be in an impregnable position, in the opportunities and risks of the vertical and horizontal choice, get survival and development. If you don't plan, or have no plans at all, you'll have disastrous consequences. Palmer said: "I'm worried about the British retailers are now in the midst of a perfect storm, interest rate decisions in November, rising inflation, real wages, falling credit availability and the UK to take off the European uncertainty increased, these during the Christmas season for caused an unprecedented pressure on household budgets, pushed consumer confidence to historic lows. "Historically, the concept of income has first appeared in economics. Adam Smith, in the wealth of nations, defined income as "the amount of consumption that is not eroded by capital", and saw it as an increase in wealth. Later, most economists inherited and developed this view. 1890, ai (Alfred Marshall Maarshell) in its "the principles of economics," the Adam Smith's "wealth increase" enterprise, introduced the concept of earnings, is proposed to distinguish the entity capital and value-added benefits of economic benefits. On Wednesday, on the first four shopping days of Christmas, upscale stores were discounting heavily, including most of the fashion retailers. H&M offers discounts of up to 60%, while Debenhams, Fraser, French connections, gaps, new faces and Dorothy Perkins offer discounts of up to 50%. Managing Director Martin Nettleton says: “Last month, we saw a record number of interactions from our website as a result of our advertising and PR, with enquiries coming directly from the contact form online, via email and via calls into our customer service department.